技术说明 11
此 LTN 依赖于 Lua 5.0 中引入的“loadfile”
Lua 4.1 引入了“require”函数,该函数加载并运行文件,除非已加载该文件。Lua 5.0 在其基本库中提供 require 作为内置函数。require 命令与 LTN 7“模块和包”一起为 Lua 中的简单模块支持提供了基础。此技术说明提出了一个改进版的 require,称为“import”。提议的 import 方案避免直接访问全局变量,纠正与全局变量相关的安全漏洞,并妥善处理循环模块依赖项。
可以使用以下 Lua 5.0 代码实现 import 函数。
local imported = {}
local function package_stub(name)
local stub = {}
local stub_meta = {
__index = function(_, index)
error(string.format("member `%s' is accessed before package `%s' is fully imported", index, name))
end,
__newindex = function(_, index, _)
error(string.format("member `%s' is assigned a value before package `%s' is fully imported", index, name))
end,
}
setmetatable(stub, stub_meta)
return stub
end
local function locate(name)
local path = LUA_PATH
if type(path) ~= "string" then
path = os.getenv "LUA_PATH" or "./?.lua"
end
for path in string.gfind(path, "[^;]+") do
path = string.gsub(path, "?", name)
local chunk = loadfile(path)
if chunk then return chunk, path end
end
return nil, path
end
function import(name)
local package = imported[name]
if package then return package end
local chunk, path = locate(name)
if not chunk then
error(string.format("could not locate package `%s' in `%s'", name, path))
end
package = package_stub(name)
imported[name] = package
setglobals(chunk, getglobals(2))
chunk = chunk()
setmetatable(package, nil)
if type(chunk) == "function" then
chunk(package, name, path)
end
return package
end
import 的典型用法如下
-- import the complex package local complex = import "complex" -- complex now holds the public interface local x = 5 + 3*complex.I
一个包的结构应如下所示
-- first import all other required packages.
local a = import "a"
local b = import "b"
-- then define the package install function.
-- the PIF more or less contains the code of a
-- LTN 7 package.
local function pif(Public, path)
local Private = {}
function Public.fun()
-- public function
end
-- etc.
end
-- return the package install function
return pif
导入几乎与 require 向后兼容。但是,导入不会在加载期间定义 _REQUIREDNAME 全局变量。一个不返回 PIF 的“旧式”包仍然会被加载并运行,但导入返回一个空的公共接口。这不会影响旧式代码,因为 require 没有返回值。
以下是两个包相互导入的示例。因为在导入期间没有一个包实际使用另一个包,所以这不会成为问题。
包“a.lua”
local b = import "b"
local function pif(pub, name, path)
function pub.show()
-- use a message from package b
print("in " .. name .. ": " .. b.message)
end
pub.message = "this is package " .. name .. " at " .. path
end
return pif
包“b.lua”
local a = import "a"
local function pif(pub, name, path)
function pub.show()
-- use a message from package a
print("in " .. name .. ": " .. a.message)
end
pub.message = "this is package " .. name .. " at " .. path
end
return pif
一些导入和运行两者的代码
local a = import "a" local b = import "b" a.show() -- prints "in a: this is package b at ./b.lua" b.show() -- prints "in b: this is package a at ./a.lua"